![]() However, the concentration of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 used in that study was far higher than that typically observed in physiological settings. Previously, 1,25(OH) 2D 3 was reported to have an inhibitory effect on brown adipocyte differentiation ( Ricciardi et al., 2015). These discrepancies have been attributed to differences in the cell types and concentrations of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 used in these studies. However, certain studies have reported a promoting effect of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 on adipogenesis. In most studies, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2D 3), the most biologically active vitamin D 3 metabolite, has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Several studies have examined the relationship between adipocyte differentiation and vitamin D ( Vu et al., 1996 Kelly & Gimble, 1998 Blumberg et al., 2006 Kong & Li, 2006 Nimitphong et al., 2012 Basoli et al., 2017 Shi et al., 2002 Huang et al., 2002 Duque, Macoritto & Kremer, 2004 Zhuang, Lin & Yang, 2007 Cianferotti & Demay, 2007 Sun & Zemel, 2008 Sakuma et al., 2012 Ricciardi et al., 2015 Chang & Kim, 2016). Accumulating evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic diseases ( Park, Pichiah & Cha, 2018 Theik et al., 2021). It also regulates proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in several cell lines ( Nagpal, Na & Rathnachalam, 2005 Fleet et al., 2012) and is associated with several metabolic processes in the cardiovascular ( Chen et al., 2011) and immune ( Liu et al., 2006 Prietl et al., 2013) systems. Vitamin D is well known for its role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Consequently, BAT is emerging as a promising target for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases ( Cheng et al., 2021 Singh et al., 2021). Chronic cold stimulation or capsinoid intake can lead to the recruitment of BAT even in individuals with low or no detectable BAT activity ( Yoneshiro et al., 2013). Recent studies have demonstrated that the presence of BAT correlates with low odds of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension ( Becher et al., 2021). BAT also plays a significant role in human whole-body lipid metabolism ( Chondronikola et al., 2016). Moreover, BAT activation increases whole-body glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity in humans ( Chondronikola et al., 2014 Orava et al., 2013). However, recent studies using positron emission tomography-computed tomography have shown that a physiologically significant amount of BAT exists in adults, and its presence is inversely related to body mass index and levels of visceral fat ( Cypess et al., 2009 Saito et al., 2009 Virtanen et al., 2009). In humans, BAT was initially thought to exist at physiologically significant levels in newborns and to become essentially absent in adults. Studies using mouse models have also shown that BAT has a regulatory role in glucose and lipid metabolism ( Stanford et al., 2013 Bartelt et al., 2011). WAT stores excess energy as triglycerides, whereas BAT dissipates energy as heat.īAT specializes in thermogenesis and plays a crucial role in cold adaptation in small rodents by regulating nonshivering thermogenesis. In general, two types of adipose tissue, white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), exist in mammals. The fundamental cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calorie intake and calorie use, and adipose tissue plays an essential role in this process. The increasing prevalence of obesity has become a worldwide concern, and effective treatments for obesity-related diseases are of growing importance. Obesity is a major risk factor of metabolic syndrome. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |